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Handbook for Damage Tolerant Design

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  - 1. Introduction
    - 0. Introduction
    - 1. Historical Perspective on Structural Integrity in the USAF
    - 2. Overview of MIL-HDBK-1530 ASIP Guidance
    - 3. Summary of Damage Tolerance Design Guidelines
      - 0. Summary of Damage Tolerance Design Guidelines
      - 1. Summary of Guidelines
      - 2. Design Category
      - 3. Inspection Categories and Inspection Intervals
      - 4. Initial Damage Assumptions
        
        0. Initial Damage Assumptions
        1. Intact Structure Primary Damage Assumption
        2. Continuing Damage
        3. Fastener Policy
        4. In-Service Inspection Damage Assumptions
        5. Demonstration of Initial Flaw Sizes Smaller Than Those Specified
      - 5. Residual Strength Guidelines
        
        0. Residual Strength Guidelines
        1. Fail-Safe Structure at Time of Load Path Failure
        2. Determining the Residual Strength Load for Remaining Structure
      - 6. Required Periods Of Safe Damage Growth
        
        0. Required Periods Of Safe Damage Growth
        1. Slow Crack Growth Structure
        2. Fail Safe Multiple Load Path Structure
        3. Fail Safe Crack Arrest Structures
      - 7. Illustrative Example Of Guidelines
        
        0. Illustrative Example Of Guidelines
        1. Slow Crack Growth Structure
        
        0. Slow Crack Growth Structure
        1. Initial Flaw Sizes Assumed to Result from Manufacturing
        2. Choice of Inspection Category
        3. In-Service Non-Inspectable Category
        4. Depot Level Inspectable Category
        
        2. Fail Safe Structure
        
        0. Fail Safe Structure
        1. In-Service Inspection Consideration
        2. Initial Flaw Considerations
        3. In-Service Flaw Assumptions Following Inspection
        4. Adjacent Structure Damage Following the Failure of the Major Load Path
        5. Analysis of Intact Structure–Residual Strength Guidelines and Damage Growth Limits
        6. Analysis of Intact Structure (Alternate Requirement)
        7. Discussion of Intact Structure Analysis
        8. Analysis of Remaining Structure Subsequent to Load Path Failure
        9. Derivation of Residual Strength Load
        10. Incremental Damage Growth Da
        11. Alternative-Analysis of Remaining Structure Subsequent to Load Path Failure
        12. Summary and Comments
    - 4. Sustainment/Aging Aircraft
      - 0. Sustainment/Aging Aircraft
      - 1. Widespread Fatigue Damage
      - 2. The Effect of Environment and Corrosion
    - 5. References
  - 2. Fundamentals of Damage Tolerance
    - 0. Fundamentals of Damage Tolerance
    - 1. Introduction to Damage Concepts and Behavior
      - 0. Introduction to Damage Concepts and Behavior
      - 1. Damage Growth Concepts
      - 2. Damage Growth Behavior/Concepts
    - 2. Fracture Mechanics Fundamentals
      - 0. Fracture Mechanics Fundamentals
      - 1. Stress Intensity Factor – What It Is
      - 2. Application to Fracture
      - 3. Fracture Toughness - A Material Property
      - 4. Crack Tip Plastic Zone Size
      - 5. Application to Sub-critical Crack Growth
      - 6. Alternate Fracture Mechanics Analysis Methods
        
        0. Alternate Fracture Mechanics Analysis Methods
        1. Strain Energy Release Rate
        
        0. Strain Energy Release Rate
        1. The Griffith-Irwin Energy Balance
        2. The Relationship between G, Compliance, and Elastic Strain Energy
        
        2. The J-Integral
        
        0. The J-Integral
        1. J-Integral Calculations
        2. Engineering Estimates of J
        
        3. Crack Opening Displacement
    - 3. Residual Strength Methodology
    - 4. Life Prediction Methodology
      - 0. Life Prediction Methodology
      - 1. Initial Flaw Distribution
      - 2. Usage
      - 3. Material Properties
      - 4. Crack Tip Stress Intensity Factor Analysis
      - 5. Damage Integration Models
      - 6. Failure Criteria
    - 5. Deterministic Versus Proabilistic Approaches
    - 6. Computer Codes
      - 0. Computer Codes
      - 1. Structural Analysis
      - 2. Life Prediction
        
        0. Life Prediction
        1. NASGRO Fracture Analysis Software
        2. AFGROW Fracture Analysis Software
        3. Cracks2000 Structural Integrity Software
      - 3. PRobability Of Fracture (PROF)
    - 7. Achieving Confidence in Life Prediction Methodology
    - 8. References
  - 3. Damage Size Characterizations
    - 0. Damage Size Characterizations
    - 1. NDI Demonstration of Crack Detection Capability
      - 0. NDI Demonstration of Crack Detection Capability
      - 2. NDI Capability Evaluation for Cracks
        
        0. NDI Capability Evaluation for Cracks
        1. Basic Considerations in Quantifying NDI Capability
        2. Design of NDI Capability Demonstrations
        3. Sample Size Requirements
        4. POD Analysis
      - 3. NDI Capability Evaluation for Corrosion
        
        0. NDI Capability Evaluation for Corrosion
        1. Corrosion Metrics
        2. Corrosion Specimen Selection and Design
        3. Example of Evaluating the Capability of an Eddy Current Inspection to Detect Hidden Corrosion in Lap Joints
    - 2. Equivalent Initial Quality
      - 0. Equivalent Initial Quality
      - 1. Description of Equivalent Initial Quality Method
      - 2. Example Application of Equivalent Initial Quality Method
      - 3. Other Applications of Equivalent Flaw Size Distributions
        
        0. Other Applications of Equivalent Flaw Size Distributions
        1. Durability Analysis
        2. Risk Analysis
    - 3. Proof Test Determinations
      - 0. Proof Test Determinations
      - 1. Description of the Proof Test Method
      - 2. Examples
    - 4. References
  - 4. Residual Strength
    - 0. Residual Strength
    - 1. Introduction
      - 0. Introduction
      - 1. Slow Crack Growth Structure
      - 2. Fail-Safe Structure
    - 2. Failure Criteria
      - 0. Failure Criteria
      - 1. Ultimate Strength
      - 2. Fracture Toughness - Abrupt Fracture
      - 3. Crack Growth Resistance – Tearing Fracture
        
        0. Crack Growth Resistance – Tearing Fracture
        1. The Apparent Fracture Toughness Approach
        2. The Resistance Curve Approach
        3. The J-Integral Resistance Curve Approach
    - 3. Residual Strength Capability
      - 0. Residual Strength Capability
      - 1. Single Load Path Residual Strength Diagrams
      - 2. Built-Up Structure Residual Strength Diagrams
    - 4. Single Load Path Structure
      - 0. Single Load Path Structure
      - 1. Abrupt Fracture
      - 2. Tearing Fracture
    - 5. Built-Up Structures
      - 0. Built-Up Structures
      - 1. Edge Stiffened Panel with a Central Crack
      - 2. Centrally and Edge Stiffened Panel with a Central Crack
      - 3. Analytical Methods
      - 4. Stiffener Failure
      - 5. Fastener Failure
      - 6. Methodology Basis for Stiffened Panel Example Problem
      - 7. Tearing Failure Analysis
      - 8. Summary
    - 6. References
  - 5. Analysis Of Damage Growth
    - 0. Analysis Of Damage Growth
    - 2. Variable-Amplitude Loading
      - 0. Variable-Amplitude Loading
      - 1. Retardation
        
        0. Retardation
        1. Retardation Under Spectrum Loading
        2. Retardation Models
      - 2. Integration Routines
      - 3. Cycle-by-Cycle Analysis
    - 3. Small Crack Behavior
    - 4. Stress Sequence Development
      - 0. Stress Sequence Development
      - 1. Service Life Description and Mission Profiles
      - 2. Sequence Development Techniques
      - 3. Application of Simplified Stress Sequences for Design Studies
    - 5. Crack Growth Prediction
      - 0. Crack Growth Prediction
      - 1. Cycle Definition and Sequencing
      - 2. Clipping
      - 3. Truncation
      - 4. Crack Shape
      - 5. Interaction of Cracks
    - 6. References
  - 6. Examples of Damage Tolerant Analyses
    - 0. Examples of Damage Tolerant Analyses
    - 1. Damage Tolerance Analysis Procedure
    - 2. Damage Development And Progression
      - 0. Damage Development And Progression
      - 1. Slow Crack Growth Structure
      - 2. Multiple Load Path, Fail Safe Structure
      - 3. Crack Arrest, Fail Safe Structure
    - 3. Slow Crack Growth Structure
    - 4. Multiple Load Path Structure
    - 5. Fail Safe Multiple Load Path Structure
  - 7. Damage Tolerance Testing
    - 0. Damage Tolerance Testing
    - 1. Introduction
    - 2. Material Tests
      - 0. Material Tests
      - 1. Fracture Toughness Testing Methods
        
        0. Fracture Toughness Testing Methods
        1. Plane-Strain Fracture Toughness
        2. R-Curve
        3. Crack Initiation J-Integral
      - 2. Sub-Critical Crack Growth Testing Methods
        
        0. Sub-Critical Crack Growth Testing Methods
        1. Crack Growth Rate Testing
        2. Stress Corrosion Cracking
    - 3. Quality Control Testing
    - 4. Analysis Verification Testing
      - 0. Analysis Verification Testing
      - 1. Structural Parameter Verification Techniques
        
        0. Structural Parameter Verification Techniques
        1. Compliance
        2. Moiré Fringe
        3. Photoelasticity
        4. Crack Growth Rate
      - 2. Residual Strength Methods-Verification
      - 3. Crack Growth Modeling-Verification
    - 5. Structural Hardware Tests
      - 0. Structural Hardware Tests
      - 1. Test Conditions
      - 2. Initial and Continuing Damage
      - 3. Residual Strength Testing
      - 4. Damage Tolerance Test Articles
      - 5. Evaluation and Interpretation of Test Results
    - 6. References
  - 8. Force Management and Sustainment Engineering
    - 0. Force Management and Sustainment Engineering
    - 1. Force Structural Management
      - 0. Force Structural Management
      - 1. Force Structural Management Plan (FSMP)
      - 2. Loads/Environment Spectra Survey (L/ESS)
      - 3. Individual Aircraft Tracking (IAT)
    - 2. Sustainment Engineering
      - 0. Sustainment Engineering
      - 1. Widespread Fatigue Damage
      - 2. Corrosion
      - 3. Structural Risk Analysis
    - 3. References
  - 9. Structural Repairs
    - 0. Structural Repairs
    - 1. Required Analysis
    - 3. Spectrum Analysis for Repair
      - 0. Spectrum Analysis for Repair
      - 1. Definition of Stress Histories
      - 2. Spectra Descriptions
        
        0. Spectra Descriptions
        1. Exceedance Curve Descriptions
        2. RMS Descriptions
      - 3. Crack Growth Analysis
        
        0. Crack Growth Analysis
        1. Generation of Crack Growth Curves
        2. Analysis of Observed Behavior
        3. Interpertation and Use of Crack Growth Rate Curves
        4. Analysis for Multiple Stress Histories
    - 4. Life Sensitivity for Stress Effects
    - 5. Life Sensitivity Analysis for Hole Repair
    - 6. Blend-Out Repairs
    - 7. Residual Strength Parametric Analysis
    - 8. References
  - 10. Guidelines for Damage Tolerance Design and Fracture Control Planning
    - 0. Guidelines for Damage Tolerance Design and Fracture Control Planning
    - 1. Design Loads Spectrum
    - 2. Material Selection
      - 0. Material Selection
      - 1. Crack Growth Resistance and Fracture Toughness
      - 2. Material Property Control
    - 3. Structural Configuration Analysis
      - 0. Structural Configuration Analysis
      - 1. Critical Parts List
      - 2. Inspection Method Development
      - 3. Demonstration Test Development
    - 4. Manufacturing Process
      - 0. Manufacturing Process
      - 1. Review of manufacturing process and inspections
      - 2. Development of Critical Parts Accountability
    - 5. References
  - 11. Summary of Stress Intensity Factor Information
    - 0. Summary of Stress Intensity Factor Information
    - 1. Background of Stress Intensity Factors
    - 2. Methodology For Determining Stress Intensity Factors
      - 0. Methodology For Determining Stress Intensity Factors
      - 1. Principle of Superposition
      - 3. Finite Element Methods
        
        0. Finite Element Methods
        1. Direct Methods
        2. Indirect Methods
        3. Cracked Element Methods
    - 3. Selected Stress Intensity Factor Cases
    - 5. Computer Codes
      - 0. Computer Codes
      - 1. NASGRO Fracture Analysis Software
      - 2. AFGROW Fracture Analysis Software
      - 3. Cracks2000 Structural Integrity Software
    - 6. References
- Examples
  - 1. FAC Problems
    - 0. Computing Stress Intensity Factor Histories
    - 1. Predicting Residual Strength - Fuselage Section
    - 2. Crack Interaction and Multi-Site Damage
    - 3. Predicting Ductile Tearing and Residual Strength - Flat Sheet
  - 2. Merc Problems
    - 0. Crack Growth Prediction - Center Wing Component
    - 1. Damage Tolerance Analysis - Windshield Doubler
    - 2. Sensitivity of Crack Growth Rates to Operating Conditions
    - 3. Influences of Retardation Models on Crack Growth Predictions
  - 3. NRC Problems
    - 0. Quantifying Corrosion in Lap Joints
    - 1. Residual Life Assessment - Corroded Lap Joints
    - 2. Effect of Discontinuity States on the Risk Assessment - Corroded Lap Joints
  - 4. SIE Problems
    - 0. Crack Growth Analysis - Main Cargo Door (MSD Cracks)
    - 1. Damage Tolerance Analysis - Wing Main Spars
    - 2. Crack Growth Analysis - Main Cargo Door (Primary and Continuing Damage)
    - 3. Damage Tolerance Analysis - Rear Wing Spar
    - 4. Crack Growth and Residual Strength Analyses - Lap Joint
  - 5. UDRI Problems
    - 0. Crack Growth Analysis - Front Wing Spar
    - 1. Risk Assessment - Fail Safety of a Stringer
    - 2. Risk Assessment - Multiple Element Damage
    - 3. Risk Assessment - Corrosion in a Lap Joint

M.R. Achter (1967). “Effect of Environment on Fatigue Cracks”. Fatigue Crack Propagation. ASTM STP 415, pp. 181-204.

P.D. Bell and M. Creager (1975). “Crack-Growth Analysis for Arbitrary Spectrum Loading”. AFFDL-TR-74-129.

F.J. Bradshaw and C. Wheeler (1969). “Effect of Environment and Frequency on Fatigue Cracks in Aluminum Alloys”. International Journal of Fracture Mechanics, 5, pp. 255-268.

D. Broek (1972). “Residual Strength and Fatigue-Crack Growth in Two Aluminum Alloy Sheets Down to -75°C”. National Aerospace Institute, NLR TR-M-72096.

D. Broek (1966). “Fatigue-Crack Growth; Effect of Sheet Thickness”. Aircraft Engineering, 38, (11), pp. 31-33.

D. Broek (1963). “The Effect of Sheet Thickness on the Fatigue-Crack Propagation in 2024-T3 Sheet”. National Aerospace Lab. Report NLR-TR-M-2129, Amsterdam.

B.F. Brown (1968). “The Application of Fracture Mechanics to Stress Corrosion Cracking”. Metals and Materials, 2; Metal Reviews, 13, pp. 171-183.

T.R. Brussat (1971). “An Approach to Predicting the Growth to Failure of Fatigue Cracks Subjected to Arbitrary Uniaxial Cyclic Loading, Damage Tolerance in Aircraft Structures”. ASTM STP 486, American Society for Testing and Materials, pp. 122-143.

J.B. Chang and C.M. Hudson (Eds.) (1981). “Methods and Models for Predicting Fatigue Crack Growth Under Random Loading”. ASTM STP 748, American Society for Testing and Materials.

H.P. Chu (1972). “Fracture Characteristics of Titanium Alloys in Air and Seawater Environment”. Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 4, pp. 107-117.

E.P. Dahlberg (1965). “Fatigue-Crack Propagation in High Strength 4340 Steel in Humid Air”. ASM Trans 58, pp. 46-53.

H.D. Dill and C.R. Saff (1977). “Analysis of Crack Growth Following Compressive Loads Based on Crack Surface Displacements and Contact Analysis”. Cyclic Stress-Strain and Plastic Deformation Aspects of Fatigue Crack Growth. ASTM STP 637, American Society for Testing and Materials, pp. 141-152.

H.D. Dill and C.R. Saff (1978, November). “Environment-Load Interaction Effects on Crack Growth”. AFFDL-TR-78-137, Air Force Flight Dynamics Laboratory.

D.R. Donaldson and W.E. Anderson (1960). “Crack-Propagation Behavior of Some Airframe Materials”. Cranfield Symposium (Vol. II), pp. 375-441.

N.E. Dowling (1972). “Fatigue Failure Predictions for Complication Stress-Strain Histories”. Journal of Materials, ASTM, pp. 71-87.

W. Elber (1971), “The Significance of Crack Closure”. ASTM STP 486, pp. 230-242.

R.M. Engle and J.L. Rudd (1974). “Analysis of Crack Propagation Under Variable-Amplitude Loading Using the Willenborg Retardation Model”. AIAA Paper No. 74-369.

R.M. Engle, Jr. (1970). “CRACKS, A FORTRAN IV Digital Computer Program for Crack Propagation Analysis”. AFFDL0TR-70-107, Air Force Flight Dynamics Laboratory.

F. Erdogan (1967). “Crack-Propagation Theories”. NASA-CR-901.

R.G. Forman, V.E. Kearney, and R.M. Engle (1967). “Numerical Analysis of Crack
Propagation in a Cyclic-Loaded Structure”. Journal Basic Engineering, ASME (Vol. 89),
Series D, pp. 459-464.

J.P. Gallagher (1974a). “A Generalized Development of Yield Zone Models”.
AFFDL-TR-FBR 74-28.

J.P. Gallagher (1974b). “Fatigue-Crack-Growth Rate Laws Accounting for Stress Ratio Effects”. ASTM E24-04-04, Report 1.

J.P. Gallagher (1976, November). “Estimating Fatigue-Crack Lives for Aircraft: Technique.” Experimental Mechanics (Vol. 16), No. 11, pp. 425-433.

J.P. Gallagher and H.D. Stalnaker (1975, September), “Predicting Flight-by-Flight Fatigue Crack Growth Rates”. Journal of Aircraft, AIAA (Vol. 12), No. 9, pp. 699-705.

J.P. Gallagher and T.F. Hughes (1974). “Influence of the Yield Strength on Overload Affected Fatigue-Crack-Growth Behavior of 4340 Steel”. AFFDL-TR-74-27.

J.P. Gallagher, H.D. Stalnaker, and J.L. Rudd (1974). “A Spectrum Truncation and Damage Tolerance Study Association with the C-5A Outboard Pylon Aft Truss Lugs.” AFFDL-TR-74-5.

J.P. Gallagher and R.P. Wei (1972). “Corrosion Fatigue Crack Propagation Behavior in Steels”. Corrosion Fatigue: Chemistry, Mechanisms, and Microstructure. A.J. McEvily and R.W. Staehle (Eds.), National Association of Corrosion Engineers, pp. 409-423.

F.J. Giessler, S.J. Duell, and R.F. Cook (1981, February). “Handbook of Guidelines for the Development of Design Usage and Environmental Sequences for USAF Aircraft”. AFWAL-TR-80-3156, Air Force Wright Aeronautical Laboratories.

L.R. Hall and W.L. Engstrom (1974). “Fracture and Fatigue-Crack-Growth Behavior of Surface Flaws Originating at Fastener Holes”. AFFDL-TR-74-47

A. Hartman (1965). “On the Effect of Water Vapour and Oxygen on the Propagation of Fatigue Cracks in an Aluminum Alloy”. International Journal of Fracture Mechanics, 1, pp. 167-188.

P. Hartman and J. Schijve (1970). “The Effects of Environment and Frequency on the Crack-Propagation Laws for Macrofatigue Cracks”. Engineering Fracture Mechanics 1, pp. 615-631

JSSG-2006 (1998, October). “Joint Service Specification Guide, Aircraft Structures”. Department of Defense.

R. Lachnaud (1965). “Fatigue Strength and Crack Propagation in AV2GN Alloy as a Function of Temperature and Frequency”. Current Aeronautical Fatigue Problems. J. Schijve (Ed.). Pergamon, pp. 77-102.

D.A. Meyn (1971). “Frequency and Amplitude Effects on Corrosion Fatigue Cracks in a Titanium Alloy”. Materials Trans. 2, pp. 853-865.

D.A. Meyn (1968). “The Nature of Fatigue-Crack Propagation in Air and Vacuum for 2024 Aluminum”. ASM Trans. 61, pp. 52-61.

MIL-HDBK-5H (1998, December). Military Handbook, Metallic Materials and Elements for Aerospace Vehicle Structures.

M.S. Miller and J.P. Gallagher (1981). “An Analysis of Several Fatigue Crack Growth Rate (FCGR) Descriptions”. Fatigue Crack Growth Measurement and Data Analysis. S.J. Hudak, Jr. and R.J. Bucci (Eds.). ASTM STP 738, American Society for Testing and Materials, pp. 205-251.

L. Mueller, et al. (1981, October). ASTM Task Group E24-04.04 presentations during ASTM Committee Week held in St. Louis, MO.

P.C. Paris (1964). “The Fracture Mechanics Approach to Fatigue, Fatigue – An Interdisciplinary Approach”. Syracuse University Press, pp. 107-132.

R.M.N. Pelloux (1970). “Review of Theories and Laws of Fatigue-Crack Propagation”. AFFDL-TR-70-144, pp. 409-416.

D.E. Piper, S.H. Smith, and R.V. Carter (1968). “Corrosion Fatigue and Stress Corrosion Cracking in Aqueous Environment”. Metals Engineering Quarterly, 8, pp. 3.

T.R. Porter (1972). “Method of Analysis and Prediction for Variable Amplitude Fatigue-Crack Growth”. Engineering Fracture Mechanics 4.

J.M. Potter, J.P. Gallagher, and H.D. Stalnaker (1974). “The Effect of Spectrum Variations
on the Fatigue Behavior of Notched Structures Representing F-4E/S Wing Stations”.
AFFDL-TM-74-2 FBR.

R.D. Raithby and M.E. Bibb (1961). “Propagation of Fatigue Cracks in Wide Unstiffened Aluminum Alloy Sheet”. R.A.E. TN Structures 305.

J.R. Rice and P.C. Paris (Eds.) (1976). “Mechanics of Crack Growth”. ASTM STP 590, American Society for Testing and Materials.

C.R. Saff (1980, December). “Environment-Load Interaction Effects on Crack Growth in Landing Gear Steels”. NADC-79095-60. Naval Air Development Center, Warminister, PA.

J. Schijve (1972). “The Accumulation of Fatigue Damage in Aircraft Materials and Structures”. AGARDograph No. 157.

J. Schijve (1970). “Cumulative Damage Problems in Aircraft Structures and Materials”. The Aeronautical Journal, 74, pp. 517-532.

J. Schijve (1963). “The Analysis of Random Load Time Histories With Relation to Fatigue Tests and Life Calculations”. Fatigue of Aircraft Structures. Barrois and Ripley (Eds.), McMillen, pp. 115-149.

J. Schijve and D. Broek (1962). “Crack Propagation Based on a Gust Spectrum with Variable-Amplitude Loading”. Aircraft Engineering, 34, pp. 314-316.

J. Schijve and D. Broek (1961). “The Effect of the Frequency on the Propagation of Fatigue Cracks”. NLR TR-M-72096. National Aerospace Institute.

J. Schijve and P. DeRijk (1966). “Fatigue-Crack Propagation in 2024-T3 Alclad Sheet Materials of Seven Different Manufacturers”. NLR TR-M-2162. National Aerospace Lab.

J. Schijve and P. DeRijk (1963). “The Effect of Temperature and Frequency on Fatigue-Crack Propagation in 2024-T3”. NLR TR-M-2138.

T.T. Shih and R.P. Wei (1974). “Load and Environment Interactions in Fatigue-Crack Growth”. Prospects of Fracture Mechanics, Noordhoff, pp. 237-250.

D.A. Skinn, J.P. Gallagher, A.P. Berens, P.D. Huber, and J. Smith (1994). Damage Tolerant Design (Data) Handbook. WL-TR-94-4052. Wright Laboratory, Air Force Materiel Command, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio.

S.H. Smith (1974). “Fatigue-Crack-Growth Behavior of C-5A Wing Control Points”
ASD-TR-74-18.

S.H. Smith, T.R. Porter and W.D. Sump (1968). “Fatigue-Crack Propagation and Fracture Toughness Characteristics of 7079 Aluminum Alloy Sheets and Plates in Three Aged Conditions”. NASA CR-996.

S.H. Smith, F.A. Simonen, and W.S. Hyler (1975). “C-141 Wing Fatigue Crack Propagation Study”. Final Report to Warner Robins ALC; BCL Report G-2954-1.

A.M. Sullivan (1972). “Stress-Corrosion-Crack Velocity in 4340 Steel”. Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 4, pp. 65-76.

R.L. Tobler, et al. (1974). “Fatigue and Fracture Toughness Testing at Cryogenic Temperatures”. Report by Cryogenics Division, NB 3.

P.M. Toor (1973). “A Review of Some Damage Tolerance Design Approaches for Aircraft Structures”. Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 5, pp. 837-880.

G.M. VanDÿk (1972). “Statistical Load Data Processing”. Advanced Approaches to Fatigue Evaluation. NASA SP-309, pp. 565-598.

E.K. Walker (1970). “The Effect of Stress Ratio During Crack Propagation and Fatigue for 2024-T3 and 7075-T6 Aluminum”. Effects of Environment and Complex Load History on Fatigue Life. M.S. Rosenfeld (Ed.). ASTM STP 462, American Society for Testing and Materials, pp. 1-14.

R.P. Wei (1970). “Some Aspects of Environment-Enhanced Fatigue-Crack Growth”. Engineering Fracture Mechanics 1, pp. 633-651.

R.P. Wei and J.D. Landes (1969). “Correlation Between Sustained Load and Fatigue Crack Growth in High Strength Steels, Materials Research and Standards”. ASTM, Vol. 9, pp. 25

R.P. Wei, and R.I. Stephens (1976). “Fatigue Crack Growth Under Spectrum Loads”. ASTM STP 595, American Society for Testing and Materials.

R.P. Wei and T.T. Shih (1974). “Delay in Fatigue-Crack Growth”. International Journal Fracture, 16, pp. 77-85.

O.E. Wheeler (1972). “Spectrum Loading and Crack Growth”. Journal Basic Engineering, 94D, pp. 181.

J.D. Willenborg, R.M. Engle, and H.A. Wood (1971). “A Crack-Growth Retardation Model Using an Effective Stress Concept”. AFFDL-TM-71-1 FBR.

H.A. Wood (1974). “Important Aspects of Crack-Growth Prediction for Aircraft Structural Applications”. Prospects of Fracture Mechanics. Shi, VanElast, Broek (Eds.), Noordhoff,
pp. 437-457.

H.A. Wood and T.L. Haglage (1971). “Crack-Propagation Test Results for Variable-Amplitude Spectrum Loading in Surface Flawed D6ac Steel”. AFFDL-TM FBR 71-2.

H.A. Wood, R.M. Engle, and T.L. Haglage (1971). “The Analysis of Crack Propagation Under Variable-Amplitude Loading in Support of the F-111 Recovery Program”. AFFDL-TM-71-3 FBR.

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AFGROW | DTD Handbook

Handbook for Damage Tolerant Design

AFGROW 5.4

Section 5.6. References